Фактически в Шри-Ланке смертность детей в возрасте до пяти лет в 2017 году была на уровне только 8,8 смертей на 1000 родившихся, что намного ниже, чем в Гватемале (27,6), но близко к значению этого показателя в Соединенных Штатах (6,6). “Mortality Rate, under-5 (per 1,000 Live Births),” World Bank Data, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.DYN.MORT?end=2017&locations=GT-LK-US&start=2009; “Maternal Mortality Rate (National Estimate per 100,000 Live Births).” World Bank Data, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.STA.MMRT.NE?end=2017&locations=GT-LK-US&start=2009; “Mortality Rate, Infant (per 1,000 Live Births),” World Bank Data, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.IMRT.IN?end=2017&locations=GT-LK-US&start=2009
(обратно)“Mortality Rate, under-5 (per 1,000 Live Births),” World Bank Data, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.DYN.MORT?end=2017&locations=GT-LK-US&start=2009
(обратно)Taz Hussein, Matt Plummer, and Bill Breen (for the Stanford Social Innovation Review), “How Field Catalysts Galvanise Social Change,” SocialInnovationExchange.org, 2018, https://socialinnovationexchange.org/insights/how-field-catalysts-galvanise-social-change
(обратно)Christian Lengeler, “Insecticide-Treated Bed Nets and Curtains for Preventing Malaria,” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2, no. 2 (2004), https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD000363.pub2
(обратно)Abhijit Banerjee and Esther Duflo, Poor Economics (New York: PublicAffairs, 2011).
(обратно)Jessica Cohen and Pascaline Dupas, “Free Distribution or Cost-Sharing? Evidence from a Randomized Malaria Prevention Experiment,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 125, no. 1 (2010): 1–45.
(обратно)“World Malaria Report 2017,” World Health Organization, 2017.
(обратно)S. Bhatt, D. J. Weiss, E. Cameron, D. Bisanzio, B. Mappin, U. Dalrymple, K. Battle, C. L. Moyes, A. Henry, P. A. Eckhoff, E. A. Wenger, O. Briët, M. A. Penny, T. A. Smith, A. Bennett, J. Yukich, T. P. Eisele, J. T. Griffin, C. A. Fergus, M. Lynch, F. Lindgren, J. M. Cohen, C. L. J. Murray, D. L. Smith, S. I. Hay, R. E. Cibulskis, and P. W. Gething, “The Effect on Malaria Control on Plasmodium falciparum in Africa between 2000 and 2015,” Nature 526 (2015): 207–211, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature15535
(обратно)William Easterly, “Looks like @JeffDSachs got it more right than I did on effectiveness of mass bed net distribution to fight malaria in Africa,” tweet, August 18, 2017, 11:04 a.m. (Похоже, что Джефф Сакс, а не я, оказался прав относительно эффективности массового распределения прикроватных сеток для борьбы с малярией в Африке.)
(обратно)“Global Warming of 1.5 °C,” IPCC Special Report, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2008, https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/
(обратно)Как утверждается в октябрьском докладе IPCC за 2018 год, «по оценкам, человеческая деятельность вызвала повышение глобальной средней температуры примерно на 1,0 °C по сравнению с доиндустриальными уровнями, с вероятным диапазоном от 0,8 °C до 1,2 °C. Глобальное потепление, вероятно, достигнет 1,5 °C между 2030 и 2052 годами, если оно будет продолжать увеличиваться нынешними темпами».
(обратно)Выбросами углекислого газа и его эквивалентов называют выбросы парниковых газов (СО₂, метана и так далее), которые выражаются в общей единице путем преобразования определенного количества других газов в эквивалентное количество CO₂, обладающее тем же воздействием на глобальное потепление. Например, один миллион метрических тонн метана составляет 25 миллионов метрических тонн CO₂е.
(обратно)Lucas Chancel and Thomas Piketty, “Carbon and Inequality: from Kyoto to Paris,” report, Paris School of Economics, 2015, http://piketty.pse.ens.fr/files/ChancelPiketty2015.pdf
(обратно)Robin Burgess, Olivier Deschenes, Dave Donaldson, and Michael Greenstone, “Weather, Climate Change and Death in India,” LSE working paper, 2017, http://www.lse.ac.uk/economics/Assets/Documents/personal-pages/robin-burgess/weather-climate-change-and-death.pdf
(обратно)Orley C. Ashenfelter and Karl Storchmann, “Measuring the Economic Effect of Global Warming on Viticulture Using Auction, Retail, and Wholesale Prices,” Review of Industrial Organization 37, no. 1 (2010): 51–64.
(обратно)Joshua Graff Zivin and Matthew Neidell, “Temperature and the Allocation of Time: Implications for Climate Change,” Journal of Labor Economics 32, no. 1 (2014): 1–26.
(обратно)Joshua Goodman, Michael Hurwitz, Jisung Park, and Jonathan Smith, “Heat and Learning,” NBER Working Paper 24639, 2018.
(обратно)Achyuta Adhvaryu, Namrata Kala, and Anant Nyshadham, “The Light and the Heat: Productivity Co-benefits of Energy-saving Technology,” NBER Working Paper 24314, 2018.
(обратно)Melissa Dell, Benjamin F. Jones, and Benjamin A. Olken, “What Do We Learn from the Weather? The New Climate-Economy Literature,” Journal of Economic Literature 52, no. 3 (2014): 740–798.
(обратно)Olivier Deschenes and Michael Greenstone, “Climate Change, Mortality, and Adaptation: Evidence from Annual Fluctuations in Weather in the US,” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 3 no. 4 (2011): 152–185.
(обратно)Robin Burgess, Olivier Deschenes, Dave Donaldson and Michael Greenstone, “Weather, Climate Change and Death in India,” LSE working paper, 2017, http://www.lse.ac.uk/economics/Assets/Documents/personal-pages/robin-burgess/weather-climate-change-and-death.pdf
(обратно)Melissa Dell, Benjamin F. Jones, and Benjamin A. Olken, “What Do We Learn from the Weather? The New Climate-Economy Literature,” Journal of Economic Literature 52, no. 3 (2014): 740–798.
(обратно)Nihar Shah, Max Wei, Virginie Letschert, and Amol Phadke, “Benefits of Leapfrogging to Superefficiency and Low Global Warming Potential Refrigerants in Room Air Conditioning,” U.S. Department of Energy: Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Technical Report, 2015, https://eta.lbl.gov/publications/benefits-leap frogging-superefficiency
(обратно)Maximilian Auffhammer and Catherine Wolfram, “Powering Up China: Income Distributions and Residential Electricity Consumption,” American Economic Review: Papers & Proceedings 104, no. 5 (2014): 575–580.
(обратно)Nicholas Stern, The Economics of Climate Change: The Stern Review (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2006).
(обратно)Daron Acemoglu, Philippe Aghion, Leonardo Bursztyn, and David Hemous, “The Environment and Directed Technical Change,” American Economic Review 102, no. 1 (2012): 131–166.
(обратно)Daron Acemoglu and Joshua Linn, “Market Size in Innovation: Theory and Evidence from the Pharmaceutical Industry,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 119, no. 3 (2004): 1049–1090.
(обратно)Hannah Choi Granade et al., “Unlocking Energy Efficiency in the U.S. Economy,” executive summary,” McKinsey & Company, 2009, https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/dotcom/client_service/epng/pdfs/unlocking%20energy%20efficiency/us_energy_efficiency_exc_summary.ashx
(обратно)“Redrawing the Energy-Climate Map,” technical report, International Energy Agency, 2013, https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/WEO_Special_Report_2013_Redrawing_the_Energy_Climate_Map.pdf
(обратно)Meredith Fowlie, Michael Greenstone, and Catherine Wolfram, “Do Energy Efficiency Investments Deliver? Evidence from the Weatherization Assistance Program,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 133, no. 3 (2018): 1597–1644.
(обратно)Nicholas Ryan, “Energy Productivity and Energy Demand: Experimental Evidence from Indian Manufacturing Plants,” NBER Working Paper 24619, 2018.
(обратно)Meredith Fowlie, Catherine Wolfram, C. Anna Spurlock, Annika Todd, Patrick Baylis, and Peter Cappers, “Default Effects and Follow-on Behavior: Evidence from an Electricity Pricing Program,” NBER Working Paper 23553, 2017
(обратно)Hunt Allcott and Todd Rogers, “The Short-Run and Long-Run Effects of Behavioral Interventions: Experimental Evidence from Energy Conservation,” American Economic Review 104, no. 10 (2014): 3003–3037.
(обратно)David Atkin, “The Caloric Costs of Culture: Evidence from Indian Migrants,” American Economic Review 106, no. 4 (2016): 1144–1181.
(обратно)Проведенное в Бангладеш исследование показало, что участники эксперимента, которых несколько недель стимулировали мыть руки перед едой, сохранили эту привычку и тогда, когда стимулирование закончилось. Более того, люди, предупрежденные о том, что они получат стимулы в будущем, начали мыть руки в ожидании программы, чтобы подготовиться. Hussam, Reshmaan, Atonu Rabbani, Giovanni Regianni, and Natalia Rigol, “Habit Formation and Rational Addiction: A Field Experiment in Handwashing,” Harvard Business School BGIE Unit Working Paper 18-030, 2017.
(обратно)Avraham Ebenstein, Maoyong Fan, Michael Greenstone, Guojun He, and Maigeng Zhou, “New Evidence on the Impact of Sustained Exposure to Air Pollution on Life Expectancy from China’s Huai River Policy,” PNAS 114, no. 39 (2017): 10384–10389
(обратно)WHO Global Ambient Air Quality Database (update 2018), https://www.who.int/airpollution/data/cities/en/
(обратно)Umair Irfan, “How Delhi Became the Most Polluted City on Earth,” Vox, November 25, 2017.
(обратно)“The Lancet Commission on Pollution and Health,” Lancet 391 (2017): 462–512.
(обратно)“The Lancet: Pollution Linked to Nine Million Deaths Worldwide in 2015, Equivalent to One in Six Deaths,” Lancet, public release, 2018.
(обратно)Achyuta Adhvaryu, Namrata Kala, and Anant Nyshadham, “Management and Shocks to Worker Productivity: Evidence from Air Pollution Exposure in an Indian Garment Factory,” IGC working paper, 2016, https://www.theigc.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Adhvaryu-et-al-2016-Working-paper.pdf
(обратно)Tom Y. Chang, Joshua Graff Zivin, Tal Gross, and Matthew Neidell, “The Effect of Pollution on Worker Productivity: Evidence from Call Center Workers in China,” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 11, no. 1 (2019): 151–172.
(обратно)Недолгое время действовало правило «четное-нечетное», когда в четные дни на улицы допускались автомобили с номерными знаками, заканчивающимися четными числами, а в нечетные – наоборот. Это ограничение привело к снижению содержания твердых частиц в воздухе, но было отменено в результате сговора элит и экспертов по окружающей среде, предлагавших «лучшие» планы. Michael Greenstone, Santosh Harish, Rohini Pande, and Anant Sudarshan, “The Solvable Challenge of Air Pollution in India,” in India Policy Forum volume conference volume 2017 (New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2017).
(обратно)Kevin Mortimer et al., “A Cleaner-Burning Biomass-Fuelled Cookstove Intervention to Prevent Pneumonia in Children under 5 Years Old in Rural Malawi (the Cooking and Pneumonia Study): A Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial,” Lancet 389, no. 10065 (2016): 167–175.
(обратно)Theresa Beltramo, David L. Levine, and Garrick Blalock, “The Effect of Marketing Messages, Liquidity Constraints, and Household Bargaining on Willingness to Pay for a Nontraditional Cook-stove,” Center for Effective Global Action Working Paper Series No. 035, 2014; Theresa Beltramo, Garrick Blalock, David I. Levine, and Andres M. Simons, “Does Peer Use Influence Adoption of Efficient Cookstoves? Evidence from a Randomized Controlled Trial in Uganda,” Journal of Health Communication: International Perspectives 20 (2015): 55–66; David I. Levine, Theresa Beltramo, Garrick Blalock, and Carolyn Cotterman, “What Impedes Efficient Adoption of Products? Evidence from Randomized Variation of Sales Offers for Improved Cookstoves in Uganda,” Journal of the European Economic Association 16, no. 6 (2018): 1850–1880; Ahmed Mushfiq Mobarak, Puneet Dwivedi, Robert Bailis, Lynn Hildemann, and Grant Miller, “Low Demand for Nontraditional Cookstove Technology,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109, no. 27 (2012): 10815–10820.
(обратно)Rema Hanna, Esther Duflo, and Michael Greenstone, “Up in Smoke: The Influence of Household Behavior on the Long-Run Impact of Improved Cooking Stoves,” American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 8, no. 1 (2016): 80–114.
(обратно)Abhijit V. Banerjee, Selvan Kumar, Rohini Pande, and Felix Su, “Do Voters Make Informed Choices? Experimental Evidence from Urban India,” working paper, 2010.
(обратно)Kurt Vonnegut, Player Piano (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1952); Курт Воннегут, Механическое пианино (Москва: АСТ, 2016).
(обратно)Kurt Vonnegut, God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1965); Курт Воннегут, Дай вам Бог здоровья, мастер Розуотер, или Не мечите бисера перед свиньями (Санкт-Петербург: Кристалл, 2001).